This largely text-based environment persisted

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As an example, the first version of PeaceNet appeared in early 1986. PeaceNet enabled – really for the first time – political activists to communicate with one another across international borders with relative ease and speed. [2] The advent of newsgroup services like PeaceNet, and wider dispersal of other Bulletin Board Systems, email lists, and gopher sites characterizes the cyber-environment within which most early on-line political activists found themselves.


This largely text-based environment persisted up until as late Instagram database as 1994 and 1995 when the first GUI browsers were introduced. Even today, while Web sites augment these earlier forms, email communication remains a central device in the international circulation of struggle and the creation and maintenance of international solidarity networks. [3] During the early to mid 1980s the subject of computer-mediated communication (CMC) was taken up by scholars in, for example, psychology and sociology.



When communication scholars began to examine CMC, and in particular when they began to assess the juncture of political communication and CMC, a number of academic treatments of “electronic democracy” were written in which politics is positioned narrowly within the confines of electoral or parliamentarian politics. [4] Among the earliest treatments of CMC from among communication scholars who entertain extraparliamentarian or grassroots politcs is by Downing in “Computers for Political Change.